The process of mRNA localization in the cytoplasm involves the directed transport of mRNP particles using the microtubule system. This transport is mediated and regulated by specific factors-adaptors between mRNA molecules and microtubule motor proteins. Adaptors are a key link in the mechanism of mRNA transport, but to date their identity and functioning are mostly unknown. In this review, we examine the features and importance of adaptor proteins in mRNA transport during oogenesis and in neuronal function. This article summarizes recent data on mRNA binding adaptors in the cytoplasm and the mechanisms of their interaction with microtubule motor proteins.