MicroRNA (miRNA) miR-375 acts as a multifunctional regulator of the activity of many physiological and pathological cellular processes by interacting with a large number of target genes. MiR-375 is involved in the regulation of the differentiation and functioning of cells of the nervous and immune systems, bone and adipose tissue, and even the life cycle of a number of viruses. Changes in miR-375 expression have been found in carcinogenesis, inflammation, and autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Every year, new studies appear that expand our understanding of the range of processes regulated by this miRNA. According to the latest data, miR-375 can be used as a biomarker and therapeutic target in some diseases. This review discusses the role of miR-375 in the functioning of the cardiovascular system in health and disease.