DNA-dependent DNA polymerases are the main enzymes that catalyze DNA replication. Higher eukaryotic cells have 19 DNA polymerases with strikingly different properties. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ of the A family and most of the nuclear enzymes of the B family are high-fidelity DNA polymerases that are involved not only in genomic DNA replication but also in DNA repair. Among the other 15 proteins, DNA polymerases belonging to the X and Y families have a special place. The majority of these enzymes are also involved in repair, including base excision repair and nonhomologous end joining. Some of them play a specific role in replication of damaged DNA templates. This process is referred to as translesion synthesis (TLS). DNA polymerases b and λ, which belong to the X structural family, are polyfunctional enzymes; their properties and functions are discussed.