The VHL gene is often inactivated in sporadic clear cell renal cancer (CCRC) due to somatic mutations, and its germline mutations cause hereditary CCRC: von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Localization of mutations in VHL, identification of new mutations, and their influence on CCRC progression and sensitivity to targeted therapy are topical problems in modern oncogenetics. In the current work, we identified and characterized mutations in 248 primary CCRCs using SSCP-analysis and sequencing. Somatic mutations were detected in 37.5% of samples, with 72% of mutations identified for the first time. New missense-mutations were analyzed by alignment programs and three-dimensional structure modeling. Mutation frequency was compared in differ- ent groups of patients with respect to stage, grade, and metastases. It was demonstrated that 39.1% of samples of stage I harbored somatic mutations; however, no association with progression or metastases was found. We also investigated localization of mutations in the VHL coding part and positions of missense-mutations and inframe deletions/insertions, focusing on VHL critical sequences. The VHL mutation analysis performed in this study expands the opportunities of laboratory diagnostics of familial and sporadic CCRC.