The growing body of knowledge concerning the molecular biology of viruses and virus-cell interactions provides possibilities to use viruses as a tool in an effort to treat malignant tumors. As a rule, tumor cells are highly sensitive to viruses, which can be used in cancer therapy. At the same time, the application of viral oncolysis in cancer treatment requires that the highest possible safety be ensured for both the patient and environment. Human enteroviruses are a convenient source for obtaining oncolytic virus strains, since many of them are nonpathogenic for humans or cause mild disease. The current progress in genetic engineering enables the development of attenuated enterovirus variants characterized with high safety and selectivity. This review focuses on the main members of the Enterovirus genus, such as ECHO, coxsackievirus, and vaccine strains of poliovirus as a promising source for the development of oncolytic agents applicable for cancer therapy. We have summarized the data concerning recently developed and tested oncolytic variants of enteroviruses and discusses the perspectives of their application in cancer therapy, as well as problems associated with their improvement and practical use.